The Evolution of Education in Indonesia: A Study of the 2013 Curriculum, the Independent Curriculum, and Inclusive Education in the Digital Era

Abstract

Education plays a crucial role in shaping a competitive and competent generation. Indonesia has undergone several curriculum reforms to align with global and societal needs, with the 2013 Curriculum (K-13) and the Independent Curriculum (Merdeka Curriculum) being the most relevant in the past decade. This study explores the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum at SMK Negeri 3 Aceh Barat through a qualitative approach, employing semi-structured interviews with a Bahasa Indonesia teacher to analyze its application, challenges, and effectiveness. Findings reveal that while the Merdeka Curriculum offers greater autonomy in learning design and differentiation in instruction, its implementation faces significant obstacles, particularly regarding technological infrastructure. The lack of access to digital tools and internet connectivity hinders the optimal use of technology-based learning, especially in rural areas. Additionally, teachers require continuous professional development to effectively integrate digital resources into inclusive education. Despite these challenges, differentiation in the Merdeka Curriculum enables a more personalized learning experience, allowing students to engage with content suited to their interests and career aspirations, particularly in vocational high schools.