TRANSFORMATION OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION THROUGH DIGITAL MEDIA: BETWEEN INNOVATION AND STUDENT CHARACTER FORMATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47498/axrbec98Keywords:
Islamic education, digital transformation, character formation, innovation, MPIDIAbstract
The transformation of Islamic education in the digital era has brought significant changes to learning orientations, pedagogical approaches, and the overall educational paradigm. Most previous studies have emphasized the technological aspects of digitalization such as the application of e-learning platforms and digital media while limited attention has been given to the integration of technological innovation with the moral and spiritual development of students. This study aims to examine the opportunities and challenges arising from the digital transformation of Islamic education and to propose a new conceptual model that aligns innovation with Islamic values. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive approach through literature review and thematic analysis, this research finds that digitalization has expanded access to learning and encouraged innovative teaching models, yet it also poses concerns regarding moral degradation and the decline of spiritual consciousness. In response, this study introduces the Model Pendidikan Islam Digital Integratif (MPIDI), which combines digital, spiritual, and ethical literacies, positioning teachers as digital moral exemplars. The study concludes that Islamic education in the digital age must balance technological advancement with character formation to produce learners who are intellectually capable, ethically upright, and spiritually grounded
Downloads
References
Aguas, P. P. (2022). Fusing Approaches in Educational Research: Data Collection and Data Analysis in Phenomenological Research. Qualitative Report, 27 (1), 64-77. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5027
Ahmad, A. M., Rahman, A. A., Saleh, M. H., & Daud, Z. (2024). Diversifying Quranic revision methods using gamification-based teaching materials for tahfiz education. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13 (2), 987-996. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i2.26218
Akrim, A., Setiawan, H. R., Selamat, S., & Ginting, N. (2022). Transformation of Islamic education curriculum development policy in the national education system. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 17 (7), 2538-2552. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v17i7.7685
Aldino, A. A., Tsai, Y. S., Gupte, S., Henderson, M., Nath, D., Gašević, D., & Chen, G. (2025). Analytics of Learner-Centered Feedback: A Large-Scale Case Study in Higher Education. Computers and Education, 237 (March), 105360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105360
Alfawzan, A., Tamvada, J. P., Aldhehayan, A., Temouri, Y., & Pereira, V. (2024). The impact of Islamic religiosity on innovation propensity. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 207 (June), 123598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123598
Alkandari, K., & Alabdulhadi, M. (2023). Promoting Self-Regulation Skills Among Pre-Service Islamic Studies Teachers Through Project-Based Learning Utilizing a Flipped Learning Strategy. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22 (5), 74-100. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.5.4
Amalia, R. (2022). The role of Islamic education teacher to build learners' character at MTs Assalafiyah Tegal City. ATTARBIYAH: Journal of Islamic Culture and Education, 7 (1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.18326/attarbiyah.v7i1.81-95
Asnawan. (2020). Exploring Education Character Thought of Ki Hajar Dewantara and Thomas Lickona. International Journal on Advanced Science, Education, and Religion, 3 (3), 164-174. https://doi.org/10.33648/ijoaser.v3i3.83
Aziz, F. F., Rahman, F. F., & Adnan, I. M. (2025). The Concept Of Islamic Education In The Era Of Globalization (A Comparative Study Of The Perspectives Of Syed Naquib Al Attas And Kh. Abdurrahman Wahid). Eduslamic Journal, 3 (1), 90-103. https://doi.org/10.59548/jed.v3i1.465
Buckingham, D. (2020). Epilogue: Rethinking digital literacy: Media education in the age of digital capitalism. Digital Education Review, 37, 230–239.
Budiarto, M. A., & Salsabila, U. H. (2022). Optimizing Islamic Education Towards the Golden Era of Indonesia. Tafkir: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education, 3 (1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.31538/tijie.v3i1.105
Budiarto, M. K., & Roemintoyo. (2021). Flipbook as innovation of digital learning media: preparing education for facing and facilitating 21st century learning. Journal of Education Technology, 5, 8–13.
Catal, C., & Tekinerdogan, B. (2019). Aligning Education for the Life Sciences Domain to Support Digitalization and Industry 4.0. Procedia Computer Science, 158 , 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.032
Chen, S. jya, Tsai, Y. M., Hsu, C. C., & Tsai, C. Y. (2025). The relationship between students' self-control, parental intervention, teachers' mediation, and smartphone addiction. Acta Psychologica, 261 (October), 105784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105784
Dalimunthe, M. A., Pallathadka, H., Muda, I., Manoharmayum, D. D., Shah, A. H., Prodanova, N. A., Mamarajabov, M. E., & Singer, N. (2024). Corrigendum: Challenges of Islamic Education in the New Era of Information and Communication Technologies. HTS Theological Studies / Theological Studies, 80 (1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v80i1.9491
Ediyanto, E., Zulkipli, Z., Sunandar, A., & Yunus, M. M. (2025). Triangulation in Educational Research: A Literature Review (Issue Icemt 2024). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-370-2_17
El Widdah, M. (2022). Madrasah Management Strategy as the Education Base for Religious Cadre. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21 (11), 227-242. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.11.13
Fakhrurrazi, F., Indra P, I. M., Zainuddin, Y., & Zulkarnaini, Z. (2021). The pesantren: Politics of islamic and problematic education Muslim identity. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 3 (6), 392. https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v3i6.5384
Fandir, A. (2024). Transformation of Islamic Education: Implementation of Technological Innovation in Education Management. 10 (1), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.58258/jime.v
Felsenthal, I., & Agbaria, A. (2025). The contraction and expansion of Islamic education: the possible contribution to Humanistic Islamic Religious Education in the work of Abdolkarim Soroush. Journal of Religious Education, 73 (2), 247-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-025-00253-8
Fitriani, M. I., & Naam, N. (2024). Religious Education in Indonesia: Between Tolerance and Ideological Contestation. 18(2).
Getenet, S., Haeusler, C., Redmond, P., & Cantle, R. (2024). First-year Preservice Teachers' Understanding of Digital Technologies and Their Digital Literacy, Efficacy, Attitude, and Online Learning Engagement: Implication for Course. 1359–1383.
Guerrero, A., Bedoya, M., Mosquera, E., Mesías, Á., & Bautista, J. (2023). Plataformas Educativas: Digital Herramientas para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en Educación. Ibero-American Journal of Education & Society Research, 3 (1), 259-263. https://edsociety.iberojournals.com/index.php/IBEROEDS/article/view/626/449
Harmawati, Y., Sapriya, Abdulkarim, A., Bestari, P., & Sari, B. I. (2024). Data of digital literacy level measurement of Indonesian students: Based on the components of ability to use media, advanced use of digital media, managing digital learning platforms, and ethics and safety in the use of digital media. Data in Brief, 54 . https://doi.
Helmiati. (2022). Where Technology Meets Islam: Towards an Islamic Perspective on Technology. Ehsan Arzroomchilar Maryam Olamaiekopaie, 27 No.2(2), 19.
Holmberg, Å., Jensen, P., & Vetere, A. (2021). Spirituality - a forgotten dimension? Developing spiritual literacy in family therapy practice. Journal of Family Therapy, 43 (1), 78-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12298
Ibrahim, M., Islam, S., Zohriah, O., & Azid, M. (2024). Addressing contemporary ethical and moral issues through Islamic education. Journal on Islamic Studies, 1 (1), 36-51. https://doi.org/10.35335/kbbzar83
Ilham, D. (2020). Challenge of Islamic Education and How to Change. International Journal of Asian Education, 1 (1), 09-20. https://doi.org/10.46966/ijae.v1i1.16
Irish, A. L., Gazica, M. W., & Becerra, V. (2025). A qualitative descriptive analysis on generative artificial intelligence: bridging the gap in pedagogy to prepare students for the workplace. Discover Education, 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00435-4
Iwata, M., Pitkänen, K., Laru, J., & Mäkitalo, K. (2020). Exploring Potentials and Challenges to Develop Twenty-First Century Skills and Computational Thinking in K-12 Maker Education. Frontiers in Education, 5 (June), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00087
Jayanegara, A., Mukhtarom, A., & Marzuki, I. (2024). Innovative learning methods of Islamic education subject in Indonesia: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13 (2), 1148-1158. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i2.26364
Jordan, S., Braik, A. M., Koliou, M., Meyer, M. A., Yu, S., & Mehta, J. M. (2025). Integrating interdisciplinary thinking and education in graduate disaster research curricula: Insights from statistical, sentiment, and thematic analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 128 (August), 105748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105748
Kamal Basir, M. Z., Md Sham, F., Tan Abdullah, N. A. thiro. M. il, Sulaiman, M. N., Jafri, F., Ali, A. S., & Wondi, M. H. (2025). Exploring the role of digital da'wah in promoting green initiatives: A mini review. Sustainable Futures, 10 (October 2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101099
Kerimbayev, N., Umirzakova, Z., Shadiev, R., & Jotsov, V. (2023). A student-centered approach using modern technologies in distance learning: a systematic review of the literature. Smart Learning Environments, 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00280-8
Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., & Bradway, C. (2021). Characteristics of Qualitative Descriptive Studies: A Systematic Review. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 21 (1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v21i1.647
Kraft-Todd, G. T., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Practice what you preach: Credibility-enhancing displays and the growth of open science. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 164 , 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.10.009
Lee, S. (2024). Theoretical triangulation of academic self-formation: Nine critical literature reviews and emerging questions. 116 . www.researchcghe.org
Lim, M., Permana, L., Hongo, V. B., Kiandra, K., Nabasa, K., & Hasudungan, A. (2021). The Roles and Capabilities of Formal, Non-Formal, and Informal Institutions in Shaping Education Access in Cigugur Sub-district, West Java, Indonesia. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 4 (1), 696-708. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i1.1653
Ling, X., Chen, J., Chow, D. H. K., Xu, W., & Li, Y. (2022). The "Trade-Off" of Student Well-Being and Academic Achievement: A Perspective of Multidimensional Student Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology, 13 (March), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.772653
Lutfauziah, A., Al Muhdhar, M. H. I., Suhadi, & Rohman, F. (2023). Curriculum development for environmental education at an Islamic boarding school. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 20 (3), 490-503. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2023.028
Malla, H. A. B., Misnah, M., & Markarma, A. (2021). Implementation of multicultural values in Islamic Religious education based on media animation pictures as prevention of religious radicalism in poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 10 , 51-57. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.08
Mar, N. A. (2024). Integration of Technology and Islamic Education in the Digital Era: Challenges, Opportunities and Strategies. Journal of Scientific Insights, 1 (1), 01-08. https://doi.org/10.69930/jsi.v1i1.74
Mason, O., & Megoran, N. (2021). Precarity and dehumanization in higher education. Learning and Teaching, 14 (1), 35-59. https://doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2021.140103
Masturin, Ritonga, M. R., & Amaroh, S. (2022). Tawhid-Based Green Learning in Islamic Higher Education: an Insan Kamil Character Building. Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies, 10 (1), 215-252. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v10i1.14124
Masuwai, A., Zulkifli, H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2024). Self-assessment for continuous professional development: The perspective of Islamic Education. Heliyon, 10 (19), e38268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38268
Masuwai, A., Zulkifli, H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2025). Exploratory factor analysis of secondary school Islamic Education Teacher self-assessment Instrument: A pilot study. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 11 (May), 101573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101573
Maulana, M., Ibrohim, M., Supriadi, U., & Fakhruddin, A. (2025). Meaningful Learning Practices in Islamic Education: A Qualitative Exploration of Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. Didaktika: Journal of Education, 14 (2), 2949-2960. https://jurnaldidaktika.org2949
Mohamed, E. H., & Shokry, E. M. (2022). QSST: A Quranic Semantic Search Tool based on word embedding. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 34 (3), 934-945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.01.004
Mothafar, N. A., Zhang, J., Alsoffary, A., Masoomi, B., AL-Barakani, A., & Alhady, O. S. (2024). Digital social responsibility towards digital education of international higher education students' institutions: Digital culture as mediator. Heliyon, 10 (17), e36442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36442
Muhardi, M. (2025). Transformation of Islamic Boarding School Management. DIMAR: Journal of Islamic Education, 7 (1), 8-23. https://doi.org/10.58577/dimar.v7i1.478
Muryadi, M., Astutik, A., Warisno, A., Andari, A. A., & Anshori, M. A. (2023). Perspective of Muhammadiyah Education Institutions on the Dynamics of Multicultural Islamic Education. JMKSP (Journal of Management, Leadership, and Educational Supervision), 8 (1), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.31851/jmksp.v8i1.11080
Osiesi, M. P., & Blignaut, S. (2025). Impact of the teacher education curriculum on the development of 21st-Century skills: Pre-service teachers' perceptions. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 11 (November 2024), 101317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101317
Palupi, S., Manalu, M., & Fatmasari, R. (2024). Analysis of the Role of Parenting and School in Forming Character and Enhancing Student Academic Achievement. International Journal of Research and Review, 11 (2), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20240220
Park, E.-Y. (2025). Factors related to digital literacy in people with disabilities: Focus on self-efficacy and attitude toward digital devices and technology. International Review of Economics & Finance, 104 (September), 104671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2025.104671
Park, S. Y., Do, B., Yourell, J., Hermer, J., & Huberty, J. (2024). Digital Methods for the Spiritual and Mental Health of Generation Z: Scoping Review. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 13 , e48929. https://doi.org/10.2196/48929
Prayitno, H. J., Markhamah, Nasucha, Y., Huda, M., Ratih, K., Ubaidullah, Rohmadi, M., Boeriswati, E., & Thambu, N. (2022). Prophetic educational values in the Indonesian language textbook: pillars of positive politeness and character education. Heliyon, 8 (8), e10016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10016
Qazi, A., Hardaker, G., Ahmad, I. S., Darwich, M., Maitama, J. Z., & Dayani, A. (2021). The Role of Information Communication Technology in Elearning Environments: A Systematic Review. IEEE Access, 9 , 45539-45551. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3067042
Quraishi, Z. (2023). Addressing mental health, misinformation, & religious tensions among South Asian students across California higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative research study. Heliyon, 9 (6), e16396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16396
Rachmawati, Y., Rusijono, R., Mariono, A., & Arianto, F. (2023). The Effect of the Flipped Classroom Model on Students' Al- Quran Reading Ability in Islamic Religious Education at "Excellent Children's Elementary School." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 6 (08), 4732-4735. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i8-15
Rahayu, D. P. (2022). TOWARDS NEW ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN TODAY'S 21ST-CENTURY LEARNING. 73–80.
Rahmat, M., & Yahya, M. W. (2021). How to improve the honesty of students in Indonesia? Sufism-based Islamic education model as an alternative. International Journal of Education and Practice, 9 (1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2021.91.80.92
Randa, M., & Arsyam, M. (2023). Transformation of Islamic Religious Education in the Revolution 4.0 Era. International Journal of Science and Society, 4 (4), 676-686. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i4.616
Rensburg, G. H. Van. (2025). Transformative learning in open distance and e-learning: the critical role of nurse educators.. 4.
Salari, N., Zarei, H., Rasoulpoor, S., Ghasemi, H., Hosseinian-Far, A., & Mohammadi, M. (2025). The impact of social networking addiction on the academic achievement of university students globally: A meta-analysis. Public Health in Practice, 9 (December 2024), 100584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2025.100584
Saleh, S. P., Cangara, H., Sabreen, S., & AB, S. (2022). Digital Da'wah Transformation: Cultural And Methodological Change Of Islamic Communication In The Current Digital Age. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 05 (08), 2033-2043. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i8-18
Sánchez, A. L. (2021). Debates on digitization and robotization of (human) work of the future: replacing automation, technological pragmatism, augmentation and heteromation. Revista Espanola de Sociologia, 30 (3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2021.66
Sarnoto, A. Z., Sastradiharja, E. E. J., Ika, I., Rahmawati, S. T., & Hadi, A. (2022). Islamic education with liberation paradigm. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6 (March), 2914-2923. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns4.8477
Sholeh, M. I. (2023). Technology Integration in Islamic Education: Policy Framework and Adoption Challenges. Journal of Modern Islamic Studies and Civilization, 1 (02), 82-100. https://doi.org/10.59653/jmisc.v1i02.155
Shuhari, M. H. (2020). The Importance of using Current Technology in the Study of Islamic Ethics. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9 (3), 3945-3949. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/217932020
Soomro, R. B. K., Khan, R. A., & Rind, I. A. (2025). Exploring ESL teachers' experiences about ICT-based 4Cs skills: a phenomenological study. Discover Education, 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-024-00376-4
Sudirman, S., Ramadhita, R., Bachri, S., & Whindari, Y. (2025). The transformation of state Islamic higher education institutions into World-Class University: From globalization to institutional values. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 12 (June), 101705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101705
Susanto, Muafiah, E., Desrani, A., Ritonga, A. W., & Hakim, A. R. (2022). Trends of Educational Technology (EdTech): Students' Perceptions of Technology to Improve the Quality of Islamic Higher Education in Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21 (6), 226-246. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.6.14
Suyadi, Nuryana, Z., Sutrisno, & Baidi. (2022). Academic reform and sustainability of Islamic higher education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development, 89 , 102534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102534
Syahrizal, S., Yasmi, F., & Mary, T. (2024). AI-Enhanced Teaching Materials for Education: A Shift Towards Digitalization. International Journal of Religion, 5 (1), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.61707/j6sa1w36
Tanjung, E. F. (2021). Improving the Quality of Religious Islamic Education Learning through Collaborative Learning Approach in SMP Muhammadiyah Pandan Tapanuli Tengah. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 4 (2), 1809-1814. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1858
Tatik, T., Nguyen, H. T. M., & Loughland, T. (2025). Exploring factors influencing Indonesian novice teachers' achievement of teacher professional standards during induction: A cultural-historical activity theory perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 159 (100), 105013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2025.105013
Tubagus, M., Muslim, S., & Suriani. (2020). Development of learning management system-based blended learning model using claroline in higher education. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 14 (6), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.3991/IJIM.V14I06.13399
UNESCO. (2023). Technology in education: a tool on whose terms? In Global Education Monitoring Report Technology. https://doi.org/10.54676/krno2809
Utomo, S. T., & Mu'anayah, N. A. (2020). Epistemology of Islamic Education Al-Jabiri Perspective of the Conservative-Modernist-Neo Modernist Flow and Burhani-Bayani-Irfani (p. Vol 22 No 2). https://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ihya.22.2.5673
Uyuni, B., & Adnan, M. (2020). The Challenge of Islamic Education in 21st Century. SALAM: Journal of Islamic Social and Culture, 7 (11), 1101-1120. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v7i12.18291
Vigo-Arrazola, B., & Moreno-Pinillos, C. (2025). Creative and inclusive teaching practices in multigrade schools. An ethnographic study on the use of digital media. International Journal of Educational Research, 131 (March). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102596
Wahid, S. H. (2024). Exploring the intersection of Islam and digital technology: A bibliometric analysis. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 10 (August), 101085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101085
Wibawa, B., Yuwantiningrum, S., & Aminudin, M. (2024). Building Morality and Ethics through Islamic Religious Education in Schools. International Journal of Graduate of Islamic Education, 5(1), 14–24.
Apriliyanti, K., & Rizki, D. (2023). Renewable Energy Policies: A Case Study of Indonesia and Norway in Sustainable Energy Resource Management. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Widya Praja, 49, 186–209. https://doi.org/10.33701/jipwp.v49i2.36843246
Mulia, M., Zulfatmi, Z., Khalil, Z. F., Kurniawan, C. S., & Rizki, D. (2024). Conflict And Consensus in Fiqh Siyasah: The Practice of Islamic Law Across Various Cultures. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 12(3), 1263–1263. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v12i3.1363
Murad, A. N., & Rizki, D. (2023). Development of Religious Moderation Study on Prevention of Radicalism in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review Approach. POTENSIA: Jurnal Kependidikan Islam, 8(2).
Rizki, D., Oktalita, F., & Sodiqin, A. (2022). Maqasid Sharia Perspective in Changes the Marriage Age Limits for Women According to Law Number 16 of 2019. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 7(2 November), 487–508. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v7i2.4016
Syamsuar, Rizki, D., & Zikriati. (2024). Enforcement of Human Rights According to Nurcholish Madjid: Fiqh Siyasah Dauliyah Perspective. Al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Perundangan Islam, 14(1), 27–60. https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2024.14.1.25-57
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 harisna afif affandi, Dr. Muhammad Arifin Rahmanto, M.Pd.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
